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中外手势动作比较


李杰群 主编

我们知道,自然的有声语言是有民族差异的,不同的民族往往使用不同的语言（英语被世界上的许多民族使用,当然既有历史的原因,也有现实的原因）.与自然语言一样,人体用以表达各种意义的手势（不论是有意识的或是无意识的）,也都有很强的民族性.鉴于英语语言在现实中的影响和作用,本节将英语作为外国方面的代表,以英语国家中人们使用的手势与汉语中的手势相比较.
两臂交叉的动作：这在两种文化中都有,但其含义多种多样.两臂水平交叉都表示拒绝、反抗或轻蔑,与此同时,通常将脸扭向一侧,如果再双目直视,面带微笑,挺起胸脯,就是显示自己的“力量”.双臂下垂交叉,在英语国家中就只是一种精神放松、态度随便、悠闲自在的身势,中国人却视其为拒绝交往或居高临下的一种派头.
手臂交叉：是两种文化中共有的情绪紧张时作为心理保护的一种姿势,其中最常见的动作是在体前双手交叉和其他掩饰交叉动作.例如,焦急等待时摩拳擦掌,理理袖口或手提包,紧紧上衣或一侧前襟,摸摸面颊或耳朵等等.
双臂平伸,上下拍打：是用来表示“飞”的意思,但在英语国家它还喻指“标致女郎”或“男子同性恋者”.
拦车的动作：面向车辆,一只胳膊向一侧平伸,手心向前,做出“停”的手势.这种动作在中国常见,但在英语国家就有不同的动作来拦车：面对开过来的车辆右手握拳,拇指翘起向右肩方位晃动.但这一动作在澳大利亚和新西兰是不能使用的,因为在那里它被看成是淫荡的.
袖手：中国人常常在身前或背后袖着手休息,这被看成是中国特有的模式化的姿势,因为英语国家的人是无法将手臂拢在袖子里的.英语国家有一种为中国人所没有的手势动作：掌心向外,两只小臂在胸前交叉,然后再张开至相距一米左右,表示“完全不是这么回事”或“绝对不行”.
表示欢迎的动作：都是张开双臂,但是拥抱的动作则大不相同,英语国家的拥抱动作多种多样,而中国人一般是相互抓住对方的小臂,也许还将头靠在对方肩上.
生气或失望：英语国家的人用手掌或拳头叉腰,或者手臂背到背后,一手紧紧抓住另一只手腕表示压住“火气”.这两种动作在中国人当中也可以见到,尤其是男性或撒泼的妇女更喜欢使用这种手势.
表示害羞的姿势：在英语国家,双臂伸直,向下交叉.两掌反握,同时脸转向一侧,就表示害羞.中国人表示害羞时,喜欢用手臂捂住脸,头向一侧低垂.
以手掠发：中英一个共同的修饰打扮动作是拂拂头顶或一侧的头发,或掠一下前额或耳后的头发,流露出一种满足感,同时要面带微笑,尽力使自己比较符合俊男靓女的外表要求.如果不是面带微笑,而是双眉紧锁,所表示的意思就是着急或为难了.
以手指敲击头部：中英另一相同动作是以食指或食指和中指敲击前额或太阳穴.如果面带微笑,表示“聪慧”；但如果是眉头皱起,则表示“愚蠢”或“疯狂”.中英还有一种共有的手势动作是用手指指向太阳穴,做出射击的姿势,意思是“我真该死”,但也可表示“我恨不得宰了你”或“你真该死”.
表示自己：中国人用食指指着自己的鼻子,英语国家的人却是用食指或拇指指着自己的胸部.中国人以食指指着自己的太阳穴时,表示“动动脑子”或“机灵一点儿”,英语国家的人表达这一意思是用手指点点自己的太阳穴.
禁止出声：双手在嘴边围成喇叭形都是高声大喊的动作,表示“别做声”的动作都是嘴唇合拢,将食指举到嘴前.不过,英语国家的人是食指贴着嘴唇,中国人却将食指放在唇前约一英寸处.英语国家的人还有一种叫人安静的方法是不出声,只是闭住嘴,将拇指横掠双唇之间.
表示“吸烟”或“香烟”：食指与中指微微分开放在嘴前,中英都是表示“香烟”和“吸烟”的动作,它既可表示向人要烟,或要给别人一支烟,还可表示询问是否可以抽烟.
掩口：用手捂着嘴打呵欠或嘴张开用手指拍拍嘴唇,中英都表示“枯燥无味”、“发困”或“该走了”.这个动作也正是英语国家在咳嗽、打呵欠、打喷嚏、打嗝和咀嚼时掩饰的规矩,其根本目的是不要让别人知道.中国人在这方面没有那么严格,他们在与人交谈时,有时为了礼貌也常捂住嘴,以免唾味喷到或气呼到别人脸上.在这种情况下,英语国家的习惯是与别人距离拉大一些,或者将头掉过去.
擦掌动作：这一动作在中英双方都有.面带微笑,两手手掌相擦,表示“愉快地期待”；面部聚精会神,表示“在思考”；双肘紧夹,一会儿擦擦手掌,一会儿摩摩手背,表示“冷”；双掌上下搓擦,意思是“完了”,在英语国家中也表示“我再也不管这件事了”.在餐桌上中国人使用这一动作表示“我再要一点儿”.
翘大拇指：在英国和澳大利亚、新西兰等国家,这一手势可以表示数字,在数数时,他们用食指代表“1”,用中指代表“2”,以大拇指表示“5”.另一种是旅游者要求搭车的手势,这是一种表示请求的体态语.再一种就是表示侮辱人的信号：在希腊,如果将大拇指急剧翘起,就表示让对方“滚蛋”,是对人的极大的不敬.可以想象,如果不谙此理,身处希腊的澳大利亚旅游者使用该手势,将会出现多么糟糕的结果如果中国人想使用这一手势来赞扬一个希腊人,当然也会出现难以收拾的结局.这种大拇指手势对使用左手和右手来说,没有差别.
拇指下指：在法国、墨西哥等国家经常使用,意为“运气坏透了”、“真没用”等意思；在菲律宾、泰国、缅甸以及印尼等国家,则表示失败的意思.
“O”型手势：在法国表示“0”或“没有”的意思；在日本它可以指“钱”；在一些地中海国家,可以指有同性恋倾向的男子,可以指肛门；在中国,既有人以此来表示数字“3”,也有人用它表示数字“0”.如果做成这样的手势,然后用另一只手的食指往圆圈中捅,也是一种侮辱他人的表示,切切避免使用.
数字表示法：中英手势差别悬殊.英语国家的人是将一个个手指掰开,中国人是将一个个手指弯下.英语国家的人数“1”时伸出右手食指,数“2”时再伸中指,再伸出无名指表示“3”,加上小指表示“4”,最后伸开拇指表示“5”.就多数情况而言,中国人数数时是从右手拇指开始,一个个手指弯曲.弯下拇指表示“1”,再弯下食指表示“2”,加上中指表示“3”,再弯曲无名指表示“4”,最后弯起小指表示“5”,也可用左手食指掰动右手指数数.当然,现在也有许多中国人使用掰开手指的方法来记数.在英语国家中表示“6”至“10”必须用两只手,即用一只手表示“5”,另一只手再从“1”数至“5”.中国人有时也用双手表示“6”至“10”,但一般只有儿童才用.英语国家的人中表达“5”的倍数的办法是做出表示“5”的手势,然后翻动手掌,做完时举一下拳头得出“5”的倍数,然后再加上“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”等零数；中国人表示“5”的倍数的方法是先将手掌向外表示“一五”,再翻过来表示“二五”,按倍数如此反复翻转若干次,得出“5”的倍数再加上零数“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”.英语国家的人计算“10”的倍数的方法是张开双手表示“10”,然后根据需要翻动两手若干次,最后举起双拳表示“10”的倍数,再根据结果加上“1”至“9”的零数.中国人表示“10”的倍数的方法是一手握拳表示“10”,翻动拳头表示“10”的翻倍,最后张开手掌表示倍数结果,再加上“1”至“9”的零数.
胸前划“十”字：天主教徒使用这一手势来为自己祝福,乞求上帝保佑或免除厄运.方法是将右手五指捏拢,先后在前额、腹部、左肩、右肩点一点.有时,英语国家的人使用双手拇指与食指交叉的手势,这是一种划“十”字手势的变形.
招呼手势：招呼人过来的手势,英语国家的人是食指朝上向里勾动.中国人却是手掌向下朝自己方向招动.英语国家的人使用这一手势,是让人“慢一点”,如果手掌向外举起向下招动,则表示“你好”或“再见”.
一些手部禁忌动作：中英双方都禁忌在大庭广众面前用手指在自己或别人身上乱捅乱摸.所以,当众抠抠眼睛、掏掏耳朵、挖挖鼻孔或掏掏嘴等动作都是忌讳的.另外,像梳头,除头垢、头皮,清除牙垢,冲洗假牙,挤压粉刺,清洗指甲心儿,修剪指甲,装取隐形镜片,擦脂抹粉,整理服饰等等动作,也都禁忌在大庭广众之中进行.优雅的举止还要求避免身体抽搐,手指捻动,乱抓乱动,不在别人身上掸灰拣毛,不用手指戳别人胸脯.这些动作也都是中英双方禁忌的.
（摘自《非言语交际概论》,北京大学出版社2002年3月版定价：17.00元.社址：北京海淀区中关村北京大学校内,邮编：100871）

Gestures
An Introduction
Do we expect other cultures to adopt our customs or are we willing to adopt theirs? This might translate to how business or even foreign relations are to be conducte...

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Gestures
An Introduction
Do we expect other cultures to adopt our customs or are we willing to adopt theirs? This might translate to how business or even foreign relations are to be conducted. Do we compromise or force others peoples to deal only on our terms? We may not have time to hear a language , but taking time to learn the "signals" is a powerful communicator.
As the global village continues to shrink and cultures collide, it is essential for all of us to become more sensitive, more aware, and more observant to the myriad motions, gestures, and body language that surround us each day. And as many of us cross over cultural borders, it would be fitting for us to respect, learn, and understand more about the effective, yet powerful "silent language" of gestures.
The world is a giddy montage of vivid gestures- traffic police, street vendors, expressway drivers, teachers, children on playground, athletes with their exuberant hugging, clenched fists and "high fives." People all over the world use their hands, heads, and bodies to communicate expressively.
Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless. The social anthropologists Edward T. Hall claims 60 percent of all our communication is nonverbal. In that case, how can we possibly communicate with one another without gestures?
Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words- maybe even more effectively. We use gestures daily, almost instinctively, from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business presentation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot into the jetway or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach to) a child.
Gestures are woven inextricably in to our social lives, but also that the "vocabulary" of gestures, can be at once informative and entertaining... but also dangerous. Gestures can be menacing (two drivers on a freeway), warm (an open-armed welcome). instructive(a police man giving road directions0, or even sensuous (the liquid movement of a Hawaiian hula dancer).
Bear in mind that the following gestures are in general use, but there may always be exceptions. In recent years, Western and contemporary values and ideas have become more popular and has either influenced, altered, and even replaced, some of the more traditional gestures, understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any gestures there will probably be a minority within a given nationality who might say "Well, some might attach that meaning to it, but to me it means..." and then they will provide a different interpretation.
In the world of gestures, the best single piece of advice is to remember the two A's - "Ask" and be "aware." If you see a motion or gesture that is new or confusing , ask a local person what it signifies. Then, be aware of the many body signs and customs around you.
Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
The Ultimate Gesture
According to Roger G. Axtell, the "ultimate gesture" carries certain welcome characteristic unlike any other single gestures.
First, this "ultimate gestures" is known everywhere- and I stress "everywhere"- in the world. It is absolutely universal.
Second, it is rarely, if ever, misunderstood. Primitive tribes and world leaders alike know and use this gestures. The tribesmen - like you, no doubt - recognize it in others and use it themselves.
Third, scientists believe this particular gesture actually releases chemicals called endorphins in to the system that create a feeling of mild euphoria.
Fourth, as you travel around the world, this gesture may help you slip out of the prickliest of difficult situations.
What is this singular signal, this miracle mien, this giant of all gestures?
It is quite simply, the smile.
Use it freely , use it often.
Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
Managerial skills needed by the year 2000
RESPECT: This mean the capability of demonstrating respect in whichever way a specific culture requires: respect for age, respect in manner of speech, respect with eye contact, respect with hand or body gestures, respect for personal privacy, and so on.
TOLERATING AMBIGUITY: This refers to the skill of reacting positively to new, different, and at times, unpredictable situations.
RELATING TO PEOPLE: This means placing the management of people on an equal level with "getting the job done." Too often, American managers are totally result-oriented without sensitivity to the " people ingredient."
BEING NON JUDGEMENTAL: This is the ability to withhold judgment until all information is accumulated, while also taking into account cultural idiosyncrasies that could color judgment.
PERSONALIZING ONE'S OBSERVATION: This is the skill of recognizing that each person sees the world from his or her own platform of observations.
EMPATHY: This skill, the ability to place yourself in another person's shoes, is on of the higher level skills in intercultural relationships.
PERSISTENCE: This is the companion word to "patience." Both are firm requirements in dealing with people from other societies around the world.
- Brent R. Ruben
A global statesman who cares about people encompasses the several skills above plus three more-dignity, professionalism , and propriety.
"A statesmen is a person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to the trip."
Source: Hariis, Phillip R. and Robert T. Moran. Managing Cultural Differences. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston. 1977.
Elevator Behavior
Next time you walk on to a crowded elevator, don't turn around and face the door. Instead, just stand there facing the others. If you want to create even more tension, grin. Very likely the other passengers will glare back, surprised, grim, and upset.
Reason? You have broken the rules.
This demonstrates how, even in the most mundane situations, we have a silent set of rules for bodily behavior in public settings.
When _____ people enter an elevator, they each... one or two ...lean against the walls of the elevator.
four ...occupy a corner.
five or six ...all turn to face the door.
...get taller and thinner.
...hands and purses and briefcases hang down in front of the body, or "fig leaf position."
...must not touch each other in any way unless the elevator is crowded, and then only at the shoulder or lightly against the upper arm.
...have a tendency to look upward at the illuminated floor indicator.
Source: Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
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Asian Gestures
Asian Pacific Cultural Values
Filial piety or respect for one's parents or elders.
Unquestioning respect for authority. One is taught to respect those who lead, to be loyal, trustworthy and to follow through on assignments.
Patriarchial authority of the elder. The parents define the law and the children are expected to abide by their requests and demands. The father is generally authoritarian, distant and reserved but his position is respected.
Extended family - an extension of filial piety. Asians in the past have valued large families. Extended family included the immediate family and relatives. it is the responsibility of the family members to provide for the elders. in the Asian family, as one approaches old age, it is the beginning of relaxation and respect.
Loyalty to family. Independent behavior that may disrupt the harmony of the family is highly discouraged.
Concept of shame. One must not bring dishonor or disgrace to one's self or family.. Also, this concept is used as a controlling factor in the behavior of the family.
Vertical authority - Goes from top to bottom in the extended family. One is not encouraged to criticize or confront an individual publicly.
Father and son relationship is important because sons are valued to continue on the family name.
Control of emotions, self discipline and self control is emphasized. This suppression of emotions gave rise to the stereotypical nation of "the inscrutable Asian." One should only speak when spoken to, speak only if one has something important to say, have inner stamina/strength to tolerate crises. be a solid performer and not show any emotion.
Asian women are expected to carry on domestic duties, marry and have children.
Education is highly valued. Children learn to obey at home and are expected to do so at school. They are taught to follow all the rules and regulations, respect authority and to spend all of their time studying to obtain high grades. Scholastic achievement is highly prized and co-curricular activities are given low priority,
Group consensus is valued in the decision-making process. Collective decision-making, collective responsibility and teamwork are stressed. Rugged individualism is not esteemed.
Interdependence not individualism is valued. Put group/family needs before individual needs.
Perserverance, conformity, loyalty, hard work and frugality are values sough after.
Fatalism. Acceptance of ambiguity and uncertainty. Willingness to be patient accept things are they are.
Humbleness. The visibility of the group not the individual is stressed. Power is shared collectively. Not polite to accept public recognition or to call attention to oneself. Hard work will be recognized and rewarded.
Success syndrome. Becoming successful is paramount. Find the safest and least visible routes to success. Choose careers that are safe but respectable. Fear of failure and fear of brining shame to the family are dominant forces. Risk taking is not encouraged. Success = Stability/Respectability.
Source: Leadership Management Institute(LMI). "Asian Pacific Cultural Values." Leadership Education for Asian Pacifics. (1990).
Common Asian Gestures
GREETINGS GESTURES
Handshaking
Bowing
Avoid direct eye contact
BEKONING GESTURES
To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion.
Avoid using fingers in pointing to an object.
TOUCHING GESTURES
Not touch oriented societies
Avoid public display of affection
Pushing (bumping) in crowds
OTHER NON VERBAL GESTURES
Respect to elderly people
Smiling often can cover a gamut of emotions: happiness, anger, confusion, apologies , or sadness.
Displaying an open mouth (such as yawning or a wide-open laugh) is considered rude, especially with women who cover their mouths when giggling or laughing.
Try to maintain a balanced posture, stand or sit erectly or squarely. Don't slouch or put on the ground with arms in the lap or on the armrest. Crossing the legs at the knees or ankles is the preferred form rather than with one ankle over the other knee.
Silience (listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversations, be especially careful about interrupting.
China
GREETINGS GESTURES
The western custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often s nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient. Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon.
Business cards are often exchanged, and yours should be printed in your own language and in Chinese. Also, it is more respectful to present your card (or a gift or any other article) using both hands.
The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders. You may be greeted with group clapping, even by small children. When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for that person to return the applause or a "thank you."
When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in the larger cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.
TOUCHING GESTURES
Genrally speaking, the Chinese are not a touch-oriented society (especially true for visitors). So avoid touching or any prolonged form of body contact.
Public displays of affection are very rare. On the other hand, you may note people of the same sex walking hand-in-hand, which is simply a gesture of friendship.
Don't worry about a bit of pushing and shoving in stores or when groups board public buses or trains. Apologies are neither offered or expected.
Personal space is much less in China. The Chinese will stand much closer than Westerners.
BECKONING GESTURES
To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion. Avoid use the index finger, palm up and toward you, in a back forth curling motion toward your body. That gesture is used only for animals and can be considered rude.
The open hand is used for pointing (not just one or two fingers,)
Also, avoid using your feet to gesture or to move or touch other objects because the feet are considered lowly and dirty.
OTHER NONVERBAL GESTURES
Avoid being physically intimidating (be humble), especially with older or more senior people.
Posture is important, so don't slouch or put your feet on desks or chairs.
Silence is perfectly acceptable and customary. Silence (listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversations, be especially careful about interrupting.
Chinese like to avoid saying "no." A gesture that is often used to signal "no" or that "something is very difficult" (pausing to rethink) is to tip the head backward and audibly suck air in through the teeth.
On public streets, spitting and blowing the nose without the benefit of a handkerchief is fairly common, although the government is waging a campaign to reduce this in the cities. It used to be regarded as ridding the body of a waste- an act of personal hygiene . However, today it is a sign of "low" class or uneducated.
Japan
In summary, for most visitors the Japanese are complex and difficult to understand. Remember two things: (1) style, or the way things are done, is just as important as substance, or what is being done; and (2) watch your Japanese hosts carefully and follow their example.
GREETING GESTURES
The graceful act of bowing is the traditional greeting.
However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, albeit with a light grip and perhaps with eyes averted. Meanwhile, to show respect for their customs, it would flatter them to offer a slight bow when being introduced.
Avoid hugging and kissing when greeting.
It is considered rude to stare. Prolonged direct eye contact is considered impolite or even intimidating.
It is considered rude to stand with your hand or hands in your pockets, especially when greeting someone or when addressing a group of people.
The seemingly simple act of exchanging business cards is more complex in japn becuae the business card represents not only one's identity but one's station in life. Yours should be printed in your own language and in Japanese.
TOUCHING GESTURES
The Japanese are not a touch-oriented society, so avoid open displays of affection, touching or any prolonged form of body contact.
Queues are generally respected; it is only in crowded train and subway stations where the huge volume of people causes touching and pushing.
BECKONING GESTURES
It is considered insulting